"ENSO is a major driver of fire activity across multiple continents," Randerson said, who along with Morton and other researchers have studied the relationship between El Niño events and fire seasons in South America, Central America, parts of North America, Indonesia, Southeast Asia and equatorial Asia. Unprecedented Wildfires Are Smothering The Arctic In Smoke. Land CAMS monitors unprecedented wildfires in the Arctic. GEOS-FP also ingests meteorological data like air temperature, moisture, and winds to project the plume’s behavior. Posted at 11:40 14 Aug 2019 11:40 14 Aug 2019 Wildfires leave blackened forests in their wake Hundreds of villagers are evacuated as flames ravage a dense forest on the Greek island of Evia. Fires in Alaska, Siberia, and Greenland have emitted large amounts of black carbon this summer. "The precipitation both before the fire season and during the fire season can be predicted using sea surface temperatures that are measured by NASA and NOAA satellites.". In some places like California or Alaska, additional carbon may be released as the dead trees decompose, a process that may take decades because dead trees will stand like ghosts in the forest, decaying slowly, Morton said. Most of them burned in Alaska and Siberia, though a few raged even in Greenland. Hot and dry. As these fires lofted thick plumes of smoke into the skies, they also launched megatons of tiny, harmful particles into the air. Understanding both their immediate and long-term effects requires long-term global data sets that follow fires from their detection to mapping the scale of their burned area, to tracing smoke through the atmosphere and monitoring changes to rainfall patterns. Another area of active research is the mixed effect of particulates, or aerosols, in the atmosphere in regional climates due to fires, Randerson said. Human Presence Thanks to high temperatures (June 2019 was the hottest June on record), frozen peatlands are drying up and becoming highly flammable. Launching soon from the California coast, the satellite will track sea levels worldwide. Such an early occurrence of fires was never expected. GEOS forward processing (GEOS-FP) model, which assimilates data from satellite, aircraft, and ground-based observing systems. On Wednesday, authorities declared a state of emergency. No deaths have been reported and only one home destroyed as of Sunday. Fires started on Monday and Tuesday and quickly spread. In 2019, wildfires have already burned 2.5 million acres in Alaska in an extreme fire season driven by high temperatures, which have also led to massive fires in Siberia. NASA Earth Observatory images by Lauren Dauphin, using GEOS-5 data from the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office at NASA GSFC, VIIRS data from NASA EOSDIS/LANCE and GIBS/Worldview, and the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, and MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS/LANCE and GIBS/Worldview. Temperature Extremes, Image of the Day Heat Land So far in 2019, nearly 400 fires have been reported in Alaska. This website is produced by the Earth Science Communications Team at, Site Editor: An ongoing project, Randerson said, is to now extend that prediction capability globally to regions that are affected by other ocean-climate temperature changes and indicators. A warming world also has another consequence that may be contributing to fire conditions persisting over multiple days where they otherwise might not have in the past: higher nighttime temperatures. The decline is due to an increased human presence creating new cropland and roads that serve as fire breaks and motivate the local population to fight these smaller fires, Morton said. Hot and dry conditions that precede fires can be tempered by rain and moisture circulating in the atmosphere. Fires The most important of these indicators are sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean that govern the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In comparison with the destructive years which preceded it, 2019 was a relatively mild fire season. “When you have to leave your home and in some cases your livestock and animals and you don’t know what’s become of them, and you’re staying with friends and family, then it’s an uncertain situation for everybody,” she said. The bizarre, peaty science of Arctic Wildfires. Vice (2019, July 29) The Arctic Is on Fire, and It Might Be Creating a Vicious Climate ‘Feedback Loop.’ Accessed July 31, 2019. Remote Sensing. On time scales of months to years, broader climate patterns move moisture and heat around the planet. Lightning strikes are the main natural cause of fires. High temperatures and low humidity are two essential factors behind the rise in fire risk and activity, affecting fire behavior from its ignition to its spread. About 4.7 million acres were burned in 2019 while there were 8.8 million acres burned in 2018. However, their size and intensity is shaped by climate. In comparison with the destructive years which preceded it, 2019 was a relatively mild fire season. Combined with data collected and analyzed by scientists and forest managers on the ground, researchers at NASA, other U.S. agencies and universities are beginning to draw into focus the interplay between fires, climate and humans. A first-ever partnership between NASA, epidemiologists and health organizations will use data from a new NASA space mission to study how particulate matter air pollution affects our health. Forbes (2019, July 24) Unprecedented Wildfires Are Smothering The Arctic In Smoke. “There is some concern about predicted high winds this afternoon, which are expected to test the control lines,” the agency said. "As climate warms, we have an increasing frequency of extreme events. NASA's Earth Science News Team. Some livestock has also been moved to safety. As fires continue to rage in southern and eastern Australia, the smoke has risen high and far across the atmosphere. The third image shows wildfire smoke over Russia on July 24, 2019; it appears as another black carbon burst in the animation. the radiocarbon age of carbon emissions from peat fires is about 800 years, fires burn organic carbon stored in the soils. "Humans and climate together are really the dual factors that are shaping the fires around the world. There is an amber alert for wildfires in Dorset this weekend, the fire service has warned. 2019 Fire Season. "In the Western U.S., people are accidentally igniting fires all the time," Randerson said. Simple lightning strikes have caused massive peat fires, which tend to burn longer than regular forest fires. The first major bushfires began even before the official arrival of spring in June and then new out-of-control fires sprung up at the beginning of Sept. 2019. Accessed July 31, 2019. “But when you have so many fires continuously emitting, the smoke remains in the atmosphere for so long that it can actually change temperature profiles for several days and has a meteorological and climatic impacts.”. Much of the affected area south of Nelson was used for forestry but it also has many small farms. To simulate black carbon, modelers include satellite observations of aerosols and fires. Another Intense Summer of Fires in Siberia, Fires and Thick Smoke Across Southeast Asia, NASA Goddard Space But other aerosol particles can be light colored, reflecting sunlight and potentially having a cooling effect while they remain in the atmosphere. Although it did not receive much global attention, the UK also burned in 2019. Dark soot readily absorbs sunlight and warms the atmosphere. These are the watchwords for large fires. Monitoring these systems with satellite observations allows researchers to be able to begin to develop computer models for predicting whether an upcoming fire season in a given region will be light, average or extreme. Globally, someplace on Earth is always on fire — and most of those fires are set by people, either accidentally in wildlands, or on purpose, for example, to clear land or burn agricultural fields after the harvest to remove crop residues. New study results show that ocean heat waves can provide enough fuel for hurricanes to gain momentum as they approach land. But not all fires behave the same way. Up to 3,000 people have been forced to leave the Wakefield and Pigeon Valley areas, the civil defence controller, Roger Ball, told a news conference on Saturday. Interactive real-time wildfire map for the United States, including California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Arizona, and others. The researchers found an unusually high number of lightning strikes occurred, generated by the warmer temperatures that cause the atmosphere to create more convective systems — thunderstorms — which ultimately contributed to more burned area that year.
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