Ironically, the rebels were inspired by the French Revolution, and – after 13 years of brutal warfare against well-equipped European armies – successfully established the Republic of Haiti on January 1, 1804. Taiping ‘victory’ can mean a whole slew of different scenarios. Captured areas in Jiangsu were called “Sufu Province”. The Yugoslav Partisans was only one of the many resistance groups that had formed in the wake of the Nazi occupation across Europe, though it was by far the most successful. KS3 We often imagine war only in the context of two opposing states or empires, rarely considering that in many cases, internal civil wars can turn out to be bigger and much more destructive than any war between states. His body was buried and was later exhumed by Zeng to verify his death, and cremated. Haiti’s successful revolt against one of the biggest colonial powers of the time (France) wasn’t just a pivotal event in the region’s history, but also a watershed moment in the overall history of the abolition of slavery. The Taiping Rebellion was a civil war led by Hong Xiuquan, a Christian millenarian who believed himself to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ. The Taiping rebels created a brave new world - a classless society where private property was abolished. Take a second to support Toptenz.net on Patreon! It was the beginning of the end for the Atlantic slave trade, as well as one of the biggest and most successful rebellions in history. Promoting mineral exploration by granting control and twenty percent of the revenue to the discoverers of deposits. The city was under the rebels for over 11 years, and was only taken by the Qing forces – aided by many European empires – after Hong was found to have mysteriously died in 1864. Firstly, when talking about whether the Taiping would ‘establish a new imperial dynasty,’ it must be noted that the Taiping were ideologically opposed to the concept of the empire, hence their use of 王 as opposed to 皇 in their titles. On January 11, 1851 (the 11th day of the 1st lunar month), incidentally Hong Xiuquan's birthday, Hong declared himself "Heavenly King" of a new dynasty, the "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace". The Taiping Rebellion was a civil war fought in China between the Taiping rebels and the Qing Dynasty, beginning in 1851 and lasting until 1864. Complicating this is the fact that there were two very distinct sets of leaders with distinct agendas in charge before 1856 and after 1859, with an almost anarchic period in between. The land-owning upper class, unsettled by the Taiping rebels' peasant mannerisms and their policy of strict separation of the sexes, even for married couples, sided with the Qing forces and their Western allies. Hong worked another six years as a tutor before his brother convinced him that Liang's tract was worth examination. One shipment of weaponry from an American dealer in April 1862 already "well known for their dealings with rebels" was listed as 2,783 (percussion cap) muskets, 66 carbines, 4 rifles, and 895 field artillery guns, as well as carrying passports signed by the Loyal King. The attempt to take Beijing failed. It was one of the few times a European colonial power was defeated on the battlefield by a native rebel force, setting the stage for future conflicts that ended on the same lines, like the Vietnam War. China They had their own network of news, propaganda, literature, poetry and warfare tactics to keep the Nazis engaged. He now felt it was his duty to restore the faith in the native han religion and overthrow the Qing dynasty. Finally, in 1864, aided by Britain and the other Western Powers with their modern weapons, the Qing were able to re-conquer Nanjing and finally defeat the Taiping Rebellion and reunite China. While some rebellions changed the course of history in various ways, others were bigger in terms of scale. [30][31] Another major impact was the bloody Punti-Hakka Clan Wars (1855 and 1867), which would cause the deaths of a million people. Learn how your comment data is processed. Missionaries were optimistic and saw a platform for a national conversion, but many dignitaries and diplomats saw a heretical organisation that did not warrant outside support. The Taiping Rebellion was a civil war led by Hong Xiuquan, a Christian millenarian who believed himself to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ. [21] Just before his execution, Taiping Loyal King Li Xiucheng advised his enemies that war with the Western powers was coming and the Qing must buy the best Western cannons and gun carriages, and have the best Chinese craftsmen learn to build exact copies, teaching other craftsmen as well. Although in the event they used all the trappings of empire, how they would have gone about administering all of China is not a question that is really answerable. Control of the river meant that the Taiping could easily supply their capital. Would the Chinese Civil War still happen? Cookies help us deliver our Services. It was a brutal conflict that lasted almost twenty years, and saw a huge chunk of the local population from around the country – especially in North Vietnam – join the conflict. After several failures during the examinations, however, Hong told friends and family of a dream in which he was greeted by a golden-haired, bearded man and a younger man whom he addressed as "Elder Brother". Its capital was at Tianjing (present-day Nanjing). [23] The libraries of the Buddhist monasteries were destroyed, almost completely in the case of the Yangtze Delta area. Establishment of a National Postal Service. Since Hong Xiuquan had been supposedly instructed in his dream to exterminate all "demons", which was what the Taipings considered the Manchus to be, thus they set out to kill and wipe out the entire Manchu population. Just like the Polish resistance – which was more unorganized and spread out than the Partisans – it remains one of the largest and most successful, Of course, that doesn’t apply to the massive slave rebellions, the biggest of which ended up posing a direct threat to the Roman state. It was the second-deadliest war in human history after World War II. It was its routine to destroy farm,and organize massacre after conquering a new city. He explores the background to the revolt - the defeat in the Opium War, and rural poverty. Protestant missionaries began working from Macao, Pazhou (known at the time as "Whampoa"), and Guangzhou ("Canton"). [6] The Taiping faith, inspired by missionary Christianity, says one historian, "developed into a dynamic new Chinese religion... Taiping Christianity". Just like the Polish resistance – which was more unorganized and spread out than the Partisans – it remains one of the largest and most successful rebellions of the Second World War. By 1862 Zeng had managed to surround Nanjing, and the city fell in July 1864. Their household staff and the printers they employed corrected and adapted the missionaries' message to reach the Chinese and they began to particularly frequent the prefectural and provincial examinations, where local scholars competed for the chance to rise to power in the imperial civil service. The Taiping Rebellion was led by an educated and disaffected peasant. Privacy Policy | TopTenz T-Shirts | Sponsors. Establishment of currency-issuing private banks. , something that’s visible in the country’s politics till today. Of course, that doesn’t apply to the massive slave rebellions, the biggest of which ended up posing a direct threat to the Roman state. Ironically, the rebels were inspired by the French Revolution, and – after 13 years of brutal warfare against well-equipped European armies – successfully established the Republic of Haiti on January 1, 1804. The war disrupted shipping patterns and threw many out of work. With the exception of Russia, Spain and Scandinavia, there were massive protests in almost every European country, leading to varied results. Historian and presenter Michael Wood explores the story of the Taiping Rebellion, which he calls the 'worst war of the 19th century.' [27], In its first year, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom minted coins that were 23 mm to 26 mm in diameter, weighing around 4.1 g. The kingdom's name was inscribed on the obverse and "Holy Treasure" (Chinese: 聖寶) on the reverse; the kingdom also issued paper notes. With their leader largely out of the picture, Taiping delegates tried to widen their popular support with the Chinese middle classes and forge alliances with European powers, but failed on both counts. Most of the so-called princes were executed by Qing officials in Jinling Town (金陵城), Nanjing. [28], With the collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Qing dynasty launched waves of massacres against the Hakkas, killing up to 30,000 each day during the height of the massacres. It was these disaffected who flocked to join the charismatic visionary Hong Xiuquan. Liked it? Western mercenaries such as British, Italians, French and Americans also joined, although many were described as merely taking the opportunity to plunder Chinese. While by no means Vietnam’s first rebellion by a long shot, it was the most important. It was a brutal conflict that lasted almost twenty years, and saw a huge chunk of the local population from around the country – especially in North Vietnam – join the conflict. An attempt to take Shanghai in August 1860 was initially successful but finally repulsed by a force of Chinese troops and European officers under the command of Frederick Townsend Ward. Speaking of which…, In Vietnam, the war strengthened the wave of radical nationalism that first swept across its countryside during its war of independence against. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. In Guangdong, Governor Ye Mingchen oversaw the execution of 70,000 people in Guangzhou, eventually one million people would be killed throughout Guangdong. The Taiping areas were besieged by Qing forces throughout most of the rebellion. There were also lasting changes to the American military after it ended, the most important one being the end of the draft by Nixon in 1972. At its peak, France had around half a million troops in Algeria, and the whole conflict ended up killing around 1.5 million Algerians. If backed by Britain and France, then perhaps interest in Japan would have waned. [5] In 1847, Hong became the leader of the secret society. Although the fall of Nanjing in 1864 marked the destruction of the Taiping regime, the fight was not yet over. Several women served as military officers and commanders under Taiping. The Cantonese opera was purged clean. The Taiping Rebellion was mostly a revolt by poor rural peasants against their landlords and the rich, inspired by the religious pamphlets of an American missionary. China had two governments - one traditional (the Qing, in Beijing) the other revolutionary, in Nanjing. There is quite a glaring issue with this question in that the exact nature of Taiping ‘success’ is ill-defined. The Western reaction towards Taiping Christianity was always divided. Spartacus was eventually defeated and killed by Roman forces, with his entire army crucified along the Appian Way as a warning for the rest of the populace. If the Taiping achieved a military victory but failed in terms of hearts and minds, China might have remained fragmented and an easy target.
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