Leopold II (1747-1792) was Holy Roman emperor from 1790 to 1792. In 1753, he was engaged to Maria Beatrice d'Este, heiress to the Duchy of Modena. Habsburg- Lothringen), Maria Theresia Habsburg- Lothringen (geb. ." Among his lovers was Countess Cowper, wife of the 3rd Earl Cowper, who in compensation for being cuckolded was given honours by Leopold's brother, Joseph II. The family, which can be traced…, Franz Joseph (1830–1916) ( Francis Joseph) Emperor of Austria (1848–1916) and King of Hungary (1867–1916). When, therefore, in 1789 Joseph, who knew himself to be dying, asked him to come to Vienna and become co-regent, Leopold coldly evaded the request. For five years, he exercised little more than nominal authority, under the supervision of counselors appointed by his mother. For five years, he exercised little more than nominal authority, under the supervision of counselors appointed by his mother. Eberhard Weis, "Enlightenment and Absolutism in the Holy Roman Empire: Thoughts on Enlightened Absolutism in Germany", The Journal of Modern History, vol. In January, he had to dismiss the Count of Artois (afterwards Charles X of France) in a very peremptory way. ...na Von Österreich, Maria Carolina Von Österreich, Josef Ii. Chiarugi and his collaborators introduced new humanitarian regulations in the running of the hospital and caring for the mentally ill patients, including banning the use of chains and physical punishment, and in so doing have been recognized as early pioneers of what later came to be known as the moral treatment movement.[3]. On the death of his elder brother, Charles, in 1761, it was decided that he should succeed to his father's grand duchy of Tuscany, which was erected into a "secundogeniture" or apanage for a second son. Von Österreich, Ferdinand Von Österreich- Toskana, Maria Anna Von Toskana, Karl Erzherzog... May 5 1747 - Schönbrunn im Steigerwald, Bayern, Deutschland(HRR), Franz I. Stephan Von Lothringen, Maria Theresa Amalia Walburga Von Lothringen (geb. Leopold also introduced radical reforms to the system of neglect and inhumane treatment of those deemed mentally ill. On 23 January 1774, the "legge sui pazzi" (law on the insane) was established, the first of its kind to be introduced in all Europe, allowing steps to be taken to hospitalize individuals deemed insane. Francis II (1768-1835) reigned as the last Holy Roman emperor from 1792 to 1806. (October 16, 2020). Mozart's opera La clemenza di Tito was commissioned by the Estates of Bohemia for the festivities that accompanied Leopold's coronation as king of Bohemia in Prague on 6 September 1791. Encyclopedia of World Biography. bibliography The attacks on the rights of the German princes on the left bank of the Rhine, and the increasing violence of the parties in Paris which were agitating to bring about war, soon showed, however, that this hope was vain. Leopold always replied with the utmost courtesy and respect, although, as can be learned from his secret journal, he actively disliked his brother. During hi…, Leopold, Aldo (1886 – 1978) American Conservationist, Ecologist, and Writer, Leopold, Richard W. 1912-2006 (Richard William Leopold), Leopoldina's Dream (Los Sueños de Leopoldina) by Silvina Ocampo, 1959, Leopoldinen Stiftung (Leopoldine Society), https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leopold-ii, https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/leopold-ii. He died suddenly in Vienna, in March 1792, although some claimed he was poisoned or secretly murdered.[4]. Leopold was too purely a politician not to be secretly pleased at the destruction of the power of France and of her influence in Europe by her internal disorders. . Joseph considered Leopold his only friend, confided in him, and frequently asked his opinion. Leopold's concept of this was based on respect for the political rights of citizens and on a harmony of power between the executive and the legislative. During 1791, the emperor remained increasingly preoccupied with the affairs of France. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. In 1790 Joseph lay dying and summoned Leopold, his heir. Never married. A few years later Leopold undertook the project of building a new hospital, the Bonifacio Hospital (it). Józsefnek nem volt fiúgyermeke, ő örökölte a magyar trónt is. He had already made an eight months' truce with the Turks in September, which prepared the way for the termination of the war begun by Joseph II. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. In January, he had to dismiss the Count of Artois (afterwards Charles X of France) in a very peremptory way. His sister sent him passionate appeals for help, and he was pestered by the royalist émigrés, who were intriguing to bring about armed intervention in France. This settlement was the condition of his marriage on 5 August 1764 with Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain, daughter of Charles III of Spain and Maria Amalia of Saxony. Leopold II (Peter Leopold Josef Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; 5 May 1747 – 1 March 1792) was Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia from 1790 to 1792, Archduke of Austria and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790. Von Österreich). dualist constitutionalism Mivel bátyjának (és elődjének), II. The insults inflicted on Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, however, at the time of their attempted flight to Varennes in June, stirred his indignation, and he made a general appeal in the Padua Circular to the sovereigns of Europe to take common measures in view of events which "immediately compromised the honour of all sovereigns, and the security of all governments." Among them were: Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany; Archduke Charles of Austria, a celebrated soldier; Archduke Johann of Austria, also a soldier; Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary; and Archduke Rainer, Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia. Leopold's attention was increasingly drawn to the perilous situation of his sister Marie Antoinette in France, and in February 1792 he signed the Treaty of Pillnitz with Prussia, which provided for possible common action by these two powers against France and so made war extremely likely. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leopold-ii, "Leopold II Husband of Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain, Holy Roman Empress His good sense was revolted by the folly of the French émigrés, and he did his utmost to avoid being entangled in the affairs of that country. Von Bourbon). ." . To his sister, he gave good advice and promises of help if she and her husband could escape from Paris. Catherine would have been delighted to see Austria and Prussia embark on a crusade in the cause of kings against the French Revolution. Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen, 31. ...van Oostenrijk, Karel Lodewijk Johan Josef Laurens van Habsburg-Lotharingen, Jozef Anton van Habsburg-Lotharingen, Clementina van Habsbur... Francis i Stephen Holy Roman Emperor de Lorraine, Queen Maria Theresia of Hungary And Bohemia of Austria. Leopold put pressure on Great Britain by threatening to cede his part of the Low Countries to France. At the same time he secretly encouraged Hungarian liberals to agitate for reform. Joseph died, deprived of this last consolation. Leopold was a … But it may be said of Leopold, as of Fontenelle, that his heart was made of brains. Von Österreich, Maria Christina Johanna Josepha Antonia Von Habsburg-lothring... Maria Luísa Von Österreich (geb. Torture was also banned.[2]. [clarification needed][citation needed]. Having become emperor, Leopold put down the revolt in the Austrian Netherlands, came to terms with Hungarian rebels, and negotiated the Convention of Reichenbach (1790) with Prussia, preventing that state from profiting from Austria's troubles by acquiring part of its territories. Then, when sure of British support, he was in a position to baffle the intrigues of Prussia. While they were busy beyond the Rhine, she would have annexed what remained of Poland and made conquests against the Ottoman Empire. This settlement was the condition of his marriage on 5 August 1764 with Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain, daughter of Charles III of Spain and Maria Amalia of Saxony. He died suddenly in Vienna, in March 1792, although some claimed he was poisoned or secretly murdered. Leopold was never popular with his Italian subjects. He recognized the Estates of his different dominions as "the pillars of the monarchy", pacified the Hungarians and Bohemians, and divided the insurgents in the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium) by means of concessions. His sister sent him passionate appeals for help, and he was pestered by the royalist émigrés, who were intriguing to bring about armed intervention in France. The émigrés who followed him pertinaciously were refused audience, or when they forced themselves on him, were peremptorily denied all help. During the last few years of his rule in Tuscany, Leopold had begun to be frightened by the increasing disorders in the German and Hungarian dominions of his family, which were the direct result of his brother's headlong methods. He is regarded as one of the most capable and sensible 18th-century monarchs. His ecclesiastical policy, which disturbed the deeply rooted convictions of his people and brought him into collision with the pope, was not successful. The portrait by Pompeo Batoni in which they appear together shows that they bore a strong personal resemblance to one another. His christened name was: Petrus Leopoldus Ioannes Antonius Joachim Pius Gotthardus, Predecessor Joseph II Successor Francis II, Predecessor Francis Stephen Successor Ferdinand III. The November event is also commemorated by 300 cities around the world as, A complete discussion of Leopold's involvement with the coronation and its musical performances is found in, Maria Clementina, Hereditary Princess of Naples, Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Countess Palatine Elizabeth Charlotte of Simmern, Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt, Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen, Princess Maria Teresa of Naples and Sicily, Archduchess Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia, Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, Vincenzo Chiarugi (1759-1820) and his psychiatric reform in Florence in the late 18th century (on the occasion of the bi-centenary of his birth), http://www.yazaroku.com/fguncel/taha-kivanc/26-04-2011/rtib-efendi-gunumuzu-yorumluyor/338445/.aspx, Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&oldid=109368, Articles with Hungarian-language external links, Articles containing predictions or speculation, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007, Interlanguage link template existing link, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter, Grand Masters of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard, 29.
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