Omissions? Born: November 12, 1866 Updates? Emeritus Professor of East Asian History, York University, Toronto. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Widespread opposition, backed by Japan, rose to challenge his authority. Out of this marriage a son and two daughters were born. Responding to an invitation by Li’s staff, Sun journeyed to Hong Kong, but, fearing a trap, he did not go ashore. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The campaign, the second of 10 claimed by Sun between 1895 and 1911, lasted 12 days. Yuan Shikai, Wade-Giles romanization Yüan Shih-k’ai, courtesy name (zi) Weiting, literary name (hao) Rong’an, (born Sept. 16, 1859, Henan province, China—died June 6, 1916), Chinese army leader and reformist minister in the twilight of the Qing dynasty (until 1911) and then first president of the Republic of China (1912–16). After spending much of the ensuing eight months reading in the British Museum, Sun traveled to Japan by way of Canada. The year 1903 marked a significant turning point in Sun’s career; from then on, his following came increasingly from the educated class, the most prestigious and influential group in China. Sun Yat-sen trained as a doctor but became a revolutionary. Emeritus Professor of History, Queens College, City University of New York. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. A year later French Indochina, where Sun had hatched several plots, banned him completely. These forces began a revolt in Huizhou (present-day Huiyang in Guangdong) in October 1900. Forsaking his medical practice in Guangzhou, he went north in 1894 to seek political fortunes. Influential in overthrowing the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1911/12), he served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China (1911–12) and later as de facto ruler (1923–25). With this scant reference, Sun went to Hawaii in October 1894 and founded an organization called the Revive China Society (Xingzhonghui), which became the forerunner of the secret revolutionary groups Sun later headed. He started … The possibility of revolutionary success seemed more remote than ever. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Furthermore, as a result of pressures exercised by the Qing, foreign governments increasingly shunned Sun. The first president and founding father of the Republic of China. Thereafter, he contrived to make himself president for life and then boldly announced a new imperial dynasty with himself as emperor in 1915–16. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Liang did not actually oppose the Qing regime, but his attacks on Cixi, the empress dowager, who effectively ruled the country, served to undermine the regime and make revolution the only logical choice. He was forced to abolish the newly announced monarchy in March 1916 and died three months later. When the scheme failed, he began a 16-year exile abroad. In 1884 he transferred to the Government Central School (later known as Queen’s College) and married Lu Muzhen (1867–1952), who was chosen for him by his parents. When his plan for a gigantic foreign loan was obstructed by the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) in the National Assembly, he ruthlessly murdered the chairman of the party and undermined the assembly, thus bringing about a revolt against him in 1913. Although not trained for a political career in the traditional style, Sun was nevertheless ambitious and was troubled by the way China, which had clung to its traditional ways under the conservative Qing dynasty, suffered humiliation at the hands of more technologically advanced nations. Yuan began his career in the Qing brigade of the Anhui army, commanded by Li Hongzhang, which was dispatched to Korea in 1882 to try to prevent Japanese encroachment in the area. Sun is often referred to as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macau and the "forerunner of democratic revolution" in People's Republic of China. Worse still, all the revolts Sun and the others organized ended in failure. After the success of the revolution in 1911, he quickly resigned as President of the newly founded Republic of China and relinquished it to Yuan Shikai. He was appointed to serve as Provisional President of the Republic of China when it was founded in 1912. The rise in Sun’s fortune increased many of his difficulties. Instead, he was represented by Miyazaki and two other Japanese at the meeting, which proved fruitless. Yuan Shikai as emperor of China, 1915–16. Updates? The United League was very loosely organized, and Sun had no control over the individual members. He failed to win even the lowest of the classical-examination degrees but was to have the distinction of being the first Han Chinese to hold a viceroyalty and to become a grand councillor without any academic qualification. Yuan Shikai, Wade-Giles romanization Yüan Shih-k’ai, courtesy name (zi) Weiting, literary name (hao) Rong’an, (born Sept. 16, 1859, Henan province, China—died June 6, 1916), Chinese army leader and reformist minister in the twilight of the Qing dynasty (until 1911) and then first president of the Republic of China (1912–16). Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 1911-12-29 Sun Yat-sen elected 1st President of the Republic of China; 1912-01-01 Sun Yat-sen forms the Republic of China; 1916-06-06 The death of Yuan Shikai, ruler of much of China since 1912, causes the central government to virtually collapse in the face of warlords, including Sun Yat-Sen A uniting figure in post-Imperial China, Sun remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered by on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. After his return to China, he was involved in a series of revolutions and tried to unify China under his leadership. For the next three years the society propagandized effectively through its mouthpiece, “People’s Journal” (Minbao). Sun Yat-sen was the leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang [Pinyin: Guomindang]) and is known as the father of modern China. Returning to Asia in June 1910, he left for the West again in December after a meeting with other revolutionaries, in which they decided to make a massive effort to capture Guangzhou. His victory in that struggle marked the end of all hopes for parliamentary democracy in China. Top left: Sun Yat-sen was the first President of the Provisional Government. Sun Yat-sen had a magnetic personality, a singular dedication to the pursuit of power, and a knowledge of the West unequaled by that of any of his political rivals, which set him apart and made him the symbol of Chinese modernization. Previously, Sun had made contact with bandits and secret societies in Guangdong. At this critical juncture, Yuan appeared to conservatives and revolutionaries alike as the only man who could lead the country to peace and unity, and so both the emperor in Beijing and the provisional president in Nanjing recommended Yuan to be the first president of China. Sun Yat-sen, Chinese (Pinyin) Sun Yixian or (Wade-Giles romanization) Sun I-hsien, original name Sun Wen, courtesy name (zi) Deming, literary name (hao) Rixin, later Yixian, also called Sun Zhongshan, (born November 12, 1866, Xiangshan [now Zhongshan], Guangdong province, China—died March 12, 1925, Beijing), leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang [Pinyin: Guomindang]), known as the … Corrections? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In 1879 his brother Sun Mei, who had emigrated to Hawaii as a labourer, brought him to Honolulu, where he studied at a British missionary school for three years and at an American school, Oahu College, for another year. 1 January 1912 was set as the first day of the First Year of the ROC. For this decisive change Sun owed much to two factors: the steady decline of the Qing dynasty and the powerful propaganda of Liang Qichao, a reformist who fled to Japan in 1898, founded a Chinese press, and turned it into an instant success. He transferred later to the College of Medicine for Chinese in Hong Kong and graduated in 1892. In 1879 his brother Sun Mei, who had earlier emigrated to Hawaii as a labourer, brought him to Honolulu, where, as a student at a British missionary school for three years and at an American school, Oahu College, for another year, he first came into contact with Western influences. Sun Yat-sen, Chinese (Pinyin) Sun Yixian or (Wade-Giles romanization) Sun I-hsien, original name Sun Wen, courtesy name (zi) Deming, literary name (hao) Rixin, later Yixian, also called Sun Zhongshan, (born November 12, 1866, Xiangshan [now Zhongshan], Guangdong province, China—died March 12, 1925, Beijing), leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang [Pinyin: Guomindang]), known as the father of modern China. The educated class nevertheless remained unsatisfied with the tempo of change, and the regime was rapidly losing its grip over the situation. In that office, and later as a grand councillor, he was to play a decisive part in China’s modernization and defense programs; throughout, he enjoyed the trust and unflinching support of the dowager empress Cixi.
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