To probe this issue further, we carried out a second study with 165 participants. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM... Educational Settings, Assessment of Thinking in, Environmental Neuroscience and Environmental Psychology, Fundamental Attribution Error/Correspondence Bias. 2008 address neuro- and cognitive scientific approaches to disgust. These questions have been addressed by researchers using a number of approaches. The gag response that we feel when we ingest rotten foods or think about eating disgusting things is a preparatory response to make it easier to expel potentially harmful microbes. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section. Originally published in 1966, Douglas’s work is influential across a range of disciplines, from religious studies to social theory. Yuck! Rozin, P., & Fallon, E. (1987). New York: W.W. Norton. Details our anxious relation to bodily processes, but explains that disgust moves beyond the physical, having a substantial influence on social hierarchy. While the targets may have changed, the underlying rationales and approaches are remarkably similar. Eating a blended cockroach or sleeping in a bed in which someone died the night before are unlikely to physically harm you, but they could make you feel somehow violated, like you have ingested or touched something that you simply shouldn’t have. For instance, Kelly 2011 and Curtis 2013 present theories as to the evolution of disgust, while Miller 1997, Douglas 2002, and Strohminger 2014 discuss the sociocultural dimensions of disgust. Even the most secular people and societies usually have their behaviour shaped by religion. Carl Senior, Reader in Behavioural Sciences, Aston University; Patrick Stewart, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Arkansas, and Tom Adams, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky. As always, research on brain function as well as typical patterns of dysfunction, breakdown, and involvement with mental disorder sheds light on all of these questions. The biological function of disgust is thought to be important for explaining disgust’s cognitive and cultural role; according to Kelly 2011, Miller 1997, and Douglas 2002, disgust played a significant role in the development of cultural taboos and moral practices. Type A Behavior Pattern (Coronary Prone Personality). Likewise, sin (a transgression against a divine law) or fear of sin, drives certain behaviour. Disgust operates in the moral and aesthetic domains as well, imbuing a class of norms with its singular phenomenology and motivational force, the effects and implications of which have been investigated and debated by psychologists, anthropologists, and philosophers. This account of disgust explains disgust as an attempt to set boundaries to chaos and illuminates what Miller argues is disgust’s positive role in removing our ultimate ambivalence toward life. De Houwer, J., Thomas, S., & Baeyens, F. (2001). Herz, Rachel. Understanding the role played by the basic emotion of disgust in driving extremist religious beliefs and behaviours may help us address the social harms they cause. Disgust in response to certain behaviours doesn’t protect you from germs, but it can prevent a psychological form of contamination. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. And those with disgust towards sexual practices were more likely to fear sin. 2014. Some argue that disgust does and should play important roles in Morality, moral judgment, and moral justification. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/8303.001.0001E-mail Citation ». These results suggested there is a link between disgust sensitivities and religious thoughts and feelings, but didn’t explain how they are related. The account serves as an evolutionary debunking argument against invoking disgust in moral justification. Rozin, P., J. Haidt, and C. R. McCauley. Places disgust’s origin in a presumed “rejection” response, concluding that the elicitors are united by the extension of this response. Our research shows that disgust-based sensitivity may play an important role in motivating specific religious behaviour. McKay, , & Tsao, S. (in press). Association learning of likes and dislikes: A review of 25 years of research on human evaluative conditioning. The first involved 523 adult undergraduate psychology students at a large southern American university and examined the relationship between disgust and religious scrupulosity. 2004. Makes the case that disgust is ubiquitous. 2011. Effects of images about fear and disgust upon responses to blood-injury phobic stimuli. Disgust. Disgust is almost always considered a basic emotion, often along with anger, fear, sadness, happiness, and surprise. (2000). Others are skeptical, arguing that ideally disgust would be completely absent from morality, and that we should aspire to minimize its role in moral judgments and social institutions. Aestheticians have also taken an interest in disgust and the way artists have used it to evoke characteristic response in their audiences. Press. Religious beliefs and behaviours are without a doubt influenced by faith and dogma, and are often rooted in centuries of devout practice. These studies are among the first to suggest that the basic emotion of disgust may drive religious thoughts and feelings. Disgust has often been characterized as having a biological function in disease or infection avoidance or both (see Kelly 2011; Curtis 2013; and Rozin, et al. Don’t look, don’t touch, don’t eat: The science behind revulsion. Disgust: The gatekeeper emotion. This study showed that people who felt a particular disgust towards germs were more likely to express a fear of God. That’s disgusting: Unraveling the mysteries of repulsion. Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Strohminger, Nina. It traces out the many tendrils disgust puts into unexpected areas of our lives, including sex, law, politics, and the ways that experiencing disgust can, in the right circumstances, be oddly pleasurable. This form of disgust doesn’t protect you physically, but it does protect you from psychological harm. The nature and moral significance of disgust. Today, even apparently socially liberal people will co-opt the traditional tools of power used by religion to shame and exclude those whose behaviour they disapprove of. Disgust talked about. Individual differences in disgust sensitivity: Comparisons and evaluations of paper-and-pencil versus behavioral. Adoption, Social, Psychological, and Evolutionary Perspect... Attachment in Social and Emotional Development across the ... Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults. Several works employ the empirical literature concerning disgust in order to advance normative or other philosophical goals. At the heart of the experience of disgust is a process of protection. Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. (1999). Surveys the empirical literature on disgust and then provides an account of disgust’s evolutionary origins which draws on gene-culture coevolutionary theory in order to explain how disgust has come to play certain roles in our moral psychology. 3d ed. Douglas, Mary. Individual Differences in Attachment Relationships. It serves as a case study in debates about the nature of emotions themselves, their relationship to cognition and affect, whether and how much they might be innately constrained or socially constructed, which parts might be universal (and uniquely) human, and which can vary across cultures and eras, malleable in the face of diverse social influences. Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboos. 2013. At the same time, religious scrupulosity in terms of fear of sin and fear of God may be used to justify extremist beliefs and harmful behaviours, such as discrimination or acts of religious violence. The question of what actually drives people to behave in a religious way has vexed philosophers for millennia. A summary of some of the critical questions that disgust raises about human culture and cognition. New York: Guilford Press. © Copyright 2020 Center for the National Interest All Rights Reserved. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Childre... Childhood and Adolescence, Peer Victimization and Bullying... Daily Life, Research Methods for Studying. Concern for purity is identified as a central theme in every society. Focuses on recent developments, active points of debate, and projections about the direction in which the field is heading. We compared their fear of God and fear of sin to that of other participants who were not made to feel disgusted (they saw a chair, a mushroom and a tree). Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on This experiment involved making some respondents feel disgusted by showing them unpleasant images related to germs (vomit, faeces, and open sores). Our research shows that disgust-based sensitivity may play an important role in motivating specific religious behaviour. Haidt, J., McCauley, C., & Rozin, P. (1994). Research on disgust connects to a surprisingly large variety of topics across the behavioral sciences and humanities. Edited by Michael Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, and L. F. Barrett. 2012. Most notably, there is increased evidence that disgust is implicated in many specific phobias, particularly blood-injury-injection, spider, snake, and other small animal phobias. Hepburn, T., & Page, A. But our recent behavioural research highlights a very important and basic motivator that may lie beneath both these fears: the emotion of disgust. Chicago: Univ. The anatomy of disgust. Participants who saw the germ-related images expressed feeling dramatically more disgust and reported more extreme levels of religious scrupulosity in terms of fear of sin, but not fear of God. Read the original article. Intersection of disgust and fear: Normative and pathological views. Our findings suggest basic emotional processes that exist separate from religious doctrine and largely outside conscious control may underlie some fundamental faith-based beliefs and behaviours. Evolutionarily oriented researchers have sought to identify the primary and secondary functions of disgust, the biological and cultural adaptive challenges they were selected to help solve, and the character of the facial expressions that help transmit information relevant to solving them. This kind of moral sensitivity is an important moderator of our behaviour. For example, Kelly 2011 aims to undermine the use of disgust in justifying moral conclusions, Curtis 2013 attempts to refocus our understanding so we can better utilize disgust, Herz 2012 addresses the nature vs. nurture and normalcy debates, and Miller 1997 addresses the role of disgust in our attitudes toward life. Miller, Susan. A neuroscientist’s look at the emotion of disgust that explores surprising facts about the effects of the emotion on our biology and behavior. Emotional responding to fearful and disgusting stimuli in specific phobics. of Chicago Press. Developmental psychologists have been piecing together the typical ontogenetic trajectory of disgust, the emergence of its different components during childhood and adolescence, and its progression from being mostly concerned with brute physical food- and body-based cues to becoming increasingly alert to and involved in social dynamics.
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