The diseases are less prevalent in temperate climates, due in part to the occurrence of a cold season, which controls the insect population by forcing hibernation. According to CDC estimates, it infects 11 million to 18 million people annually in 18 countries. Seasons are marked more by changes in rainfall than other conditions. Among those, 400 occur in the United States, mostly among recently returned travelers. The... Hookworm: Hookworm is another parasite spread through unsanitary conditions. Transmission typically requires close or long-term contact with an infected person, making it a very low risk to travelers. Some diseases begin with flu-like symptoms but later progress to more severe symptoms, such as schistosomiasis. The majority occur in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sudan and Brazil. After infection, patients may show no or only mild symptoms but may still transmit the disease in their feces. It is important to remember that ice may be made from contaminated water, and may be contaminated as well. The subtropics are the climatic region between tropical and temperate areas. Much like typhoid fever, it is spread by eating contaminated foods or beverages. The parasites are also found in South America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, southern China and Southeast Asia.The parasite spends part of its life in snails inhabiting bodies of water contaminated with urine or feces of infected humans. Outbreaks in these countries are often linked to immigrants or travelers returning from areas where the diseases are endemic.
Bacteria can have a more complex effect on humans than viruses. To better understand them, they may be categorized by the organism that causes the disease.Viruses are tiny parasites that often exist as inactive spores outside of a host organism. Four species have long been known to cause variations of the disease, and a fifth has recently been discovered that was once thought to only affect monkeys. The protozoa are occasionally found in the United States, but normally range from Mexico through Central and South America. For the parasites to reproduce and cause disease, the patient must be infected repeatedly over months to years. The number of diseases endemic to such a large area with so many people is difficult to estimate. While it rarely directly causes death in adults, the WHO estimates Chagas infection lowers life expectancy on average by nine years. Neglected tropical diseases that do not dominate the news cycle are a major issue in developing areas that do not always get the attention they need. Black flies spread the larval form of the parasite and the severity of the disease is often related to the number of times the patient is bitten. The WHO estimates this disease infects a total of 17.7 million people, causing 270,000 to go blind. It occurs in Indonesia, throughout much of Asia, Eastern Europe, Africa, the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and Peru. The bacteria can also live in contaminated brackish (slightly salty) water and infect shellfish.
Overall, these diseases pose a low risk to travelers unless an epidemic is in progress in the area. C., John. The greatest risk factor for developing a tropical disease is to live in an area where these diseases are endemic. These diseases used to be scourges of poorer populations — now they are controlled or even eliminated in most areas. The tropical diseases they cause include the following: These two diseases are caused by four viruses that typically occur in urban areas in Asia, Africa, the South Pacific, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.
Outside of periodic outbreaks, the chance for travelers being infected with most hemorrhagic fevers is low. Some frequently cause no symptoms, while others are severe and may become fatal. Scientists are also unsure of how it is transmitted, but it is often associated with swimming in rivers and skin injury and may be carried by aquatic insects, fish or mosquitoes. The tropical diseases they cause include the following: Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever These two diseases are caused by four viruses that typically occur in urban areas in Asia, Africa, the South Pacific, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. These areas have high temperatures and humidity throughout the year. These often focus on reducing the populations of insects or animals that transmit the diseases. Foods should be thoroughly cooked and served hot. The CDC estimates 12 million to 22 million cases and 200,000 deaths occur internationally each year. Ways to reduce the chance of being infected while traveling include: Before traveling to a tropical country, it is advisable to learn about potential disease risks in the region. Tropical diseases caused by bacteria include: Salmonella Typhi (also known as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi) is responsible for typhoid fever.
The physical examination will check for signs and symptoms that may not have been apparent to the patient.If a tropical disease is suspected based on the patient’s symptoms and recent travels, the physician may perform one or more tests to confirm the illness or determine the infectious agent responsible.
Sleeping under a bed net treated with an insecticide helps prevent many types of insect bites, including those from mosquitoes. Once inside the body, they move into the patient’s lymphatic system, where they may cause fluid to collect. The tropics include portions of nearly every continent and some of the world’s most populous countries. Efforts to improve sanitation are ongoing to reduce contamination of food and water with disease-causing organisms. Outside the body, the bacteria can also be found in bodies of water contaminated with sewage. A tropical disease is any illness that is most common or only occurs (endemic) in tropical or subtropical areas. Others require specific animal hosts that occur within this limited range. Others require a bite by an animal or insect vector for transmission, and some require close contact with an infected person. This disease is caused by three species of nematodes found in South America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia and the islands of the Western Pacific. They have a more complex structure, including a nucleus (the core of a cell containing chromosomes) and are often classified within the animal kingdom. This group of more than a dozen viral diseases causes illness throughout the tropics. Therefore, the cholera vaccine is no longer available in the United States.
What are some signs and symptoms of tropical disease?
However, the CDC has assessed U.S. travelers as being at low risk for cholera. What can I do to prevent tropical disease while traveling? Patients may wish to ask their doctor the following questions related to tropical disease: ©2007-2020. The bacteria are expelled through the feces of infected people. Of the people infected, 99 percent are from 28 African countries. Patients should also tell the physician about recent travel to tropical or subtropical areas. The diverse causes of the many types of tropical disease mean there are a variety of treatment methods.
6 Neglected Tropical Diseases the WHO has Under Control Schistosomiasis: Schistosomiasis is second only to malaria as the most devastating parasitic disease in the world.
Khaki or olive colors do not attract as many insects as bright or dark clothes. Patients who have had dengue fever previously are more likely to develop the more serious dengue hemorrhagic fever if infected later in life.
Raw fruits and vegetables should be avoided unless they were washed with bottled or boiled water and then peeled by the traveler. This disease is widespread and is often found outside the tropics. The eggs they lay move through the body and may cause severe disease. In addition, effective insect repellents (such as ones that contain DEET) should be applied to exposed skin. They are caused by a variety of factors, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and parasitic worms (nematodes and trematodes). Coffee, tea and other beverages made with boiled water are often safe. Like African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease is also caused by a parasite of the genus Trypanosoma. In the tropics, these diseases include: Parasites of the Plasmodium genus spread by mosquitos are responsible for malaria in humans. If a person contacts the water (e.g., swimming, bathing), the larvae are able to penetrate skin and grow in the blood vessels.
Tropical diseases encompass all diseases that occur solely, or principally, in the tropics.
“Tropical Diseases.” World Health Organization, August 18, 2015. Macleod, Colin. International efforts through organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are also involved in monitoring populations at risk for tropical diseases.Vaccines are also used to prevent travelers or residents of the areas where the diseases are endemic from being infected.
The parasites are spread in the fecal matter of triatomine bugs, which are often found in the walls of substandard housing in areas where the disease is endemic. Bottled carbonated beverages without ice and bottled water are also usually safe to drink. In 2003, more than 100,000 cases in 45 countries were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). This disease is caused by more than 20 species of protozoa that are spread by sand flies.
Possible routes of tropical disease infection include: The signs and symptoms of tropical diseases vary greatly.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444316841.app2, https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3025(16)34511-1, https://www.who.int/topics/tropical_diseases/en/, Cycles of fever (which first develops at least one week after exposure), chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, High fever, headache, anorexia, slow heart rate, enlarged spleen, Fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, nausea, vomiting, rash, Bumps under skin, swelling in legs and arms, open sores in skin, disfiguring scarring from the skin sores, chronic infection may invade bone, Skins sores, fever, severe headaches, irritability, rash, swelling in extremities, enlarged lymph glands and spleen, joint pain, extreme fatigue, Swelling at infection site, fatigue, fever, enlarged liver, swollen lymph glands, rash, diarrhea, Rash, itchy skin, fever, chills, muscle aches, seizures, liver disease, Recurrent fever, swelling (typically in arms, breasts, legs and genital areas), skin becomes hard and thick, White patches of skin, loss of sensitivity to touch, skin thickening and folding, muscle pain, Severe headache, chills, fever, joint pain, nausea and vomiting. The number of annual infections varies widely and mortality can range from less than 1 percent of those infected with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome to nearly 90 percent of people who develop Ebola. Of those people, 50,000 die, according to the WHO. While some are necessary for the human body to function, others may cause disease. The number of cases of Buruli ulcer is uncertain, but it occurs in 30 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, North and South America, Australia, and Asia.
Also considered tropical are Africa between the Sahara Desert and South Africa, southern Asia, much of India, northern Australia and many of the island nations in the western Pacific Ocean. Beyond location, many have little in common with each other. Like bacteria, protozoa are also single-celled organisms. 2 (2002): 203. According to the WHO, 120 million people in 80 countries have been infected around the world, with approximately 40 percent of cases occurring in India. Before drinking, water should be boiled or treated with chlorine or iodine to kill potential disease-causing organisms. The physician may recommend vaccines or other preventative measures.
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